diff --git a/application/filters.php b/application/filters.php
index 01a70efc..2bf71db7 100644
--- a/application/filters.php
+++ b/application/filters.php
@@ -50,13 +50,16 @@
 
 	'after' => function($response)
 	{
-		// Do stuff after every request to your application.
+		if (Config::get('session.driver') !== '')
+		{
+			Session::flash(Input::old_input, Input::old());
+		}
 	},
 
 
 	'auth' => function()
 	{
-		if ( ! Auth::check()) return Redirect::to('login');
+		if ( ! Auth::check()) return Redirect::to_login();
 	},
 
 
diff --git a/laravel/bootstrap/constants.php b/laravel/bootstrap/constants.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..56710afb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/laravel/bootstrap/constants.php
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?php
+
+define('EXT',       '.php');
+define('BLADE_EXT', '.blade.php');
+
+function constants($constants)
+{
+	foreach ($constants as $key => $value)
+	{
+		if ( ! defined($key)) define($key, $value);
+	}
+}
+
+$constants = array(
+	'APP_PATH'     => realpath($application).'/',
+	'BASE_PATH'    => realpath("$laravel/..").'/',
+	'PACKAGE_PATH' => realpath($packages).'/',
+	'PUBLIC_PATH'  => realpath($public).'/',
+	'STORAGE_PATH' => realpath($storage).'/',
+	'SYS_PATH'     => realpath($laravel).'/',
+);
+
+constants($constants);
+
+$constants = array(
+	'CACHE_PATH'      => STORAGE_PATH.'cache/',
+	'CONFIG_PATH'     => APP_PATH.'config/',
+	'CONTROLLER_PATH' => APP_PATH.'controllers/',
+	'DATABASE_PATH'   => STORAGE_PATH.'database/',
+	'LANG_PATH'       => APP_PATH.'language/',
+	'LIBRARY_PATH'    => APP_PATH.'libraries/',
+	'MODEL_PATH'      => APP_PATH.'models/',
+	'ROUTE_PATH'      => APP_PATH.'routes/',
+	'SESSION_PATH'    => STORAGE_PATH.'sessions/',
+	'SYS_CONFIG_PATH' => SYS_PATH.'config/',
+	'SYS_LANG_PATH'   => SYS_PATH.'language/',
+	'SYS_VIEW_PATH'   => SYS_PATH.'views/',
+	'VIEW_PATH'       => APP_PATH.'views/',
+);
+
+
+constants($constants);
+
+unset($constants);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/laravel/bootstrap/core.php b/laravel/bootstrap/core.php
index 02e94a5a..3d758081 100644
--- a/laravel/bootstrap/core.php
+++ b/laravel/bootstrap/core.php
@@ -1,43 +1,15 @@
 <?php namespace Laravel;
 
-/**
- * Define a multitude of framework constants. Mainly, we define
- * various file paths to core locations of the framework, as well
- * as a couple of file extensions.
- */
-define('EXT', '.php');
-define('BLADE_EXT', '.blade.php');
-
-define('APP_PATH',        realpath($application).'/');
-define('BASE_PATH',       realpath("$laravel/..").'/');
-define('PACKAGE_PATH',    realpath($packages).'/');
-define('PUBLIC_PATH',     realpath($public).'/');
-define('STORAGE_PATH',    realpath($storage).'/');
-define('SYS_PATH',        realpath($laravel).'/');
-define('CACHE_PATH',      STORAGE_PATH.'cache/');
-define('CONFIG_PATH',     APP_PATH.'config/');
-define('CONTROLLER_PATH', APP_PATH.'controllers/');
-define('DATABASE_PATH',   STORAGE_PATH.'database/');
-define('LANG_PATH',       APP_PATH.'language/');
-define('LIBRARY_PATH',    APP_PATH.'libraries/');
-define('MODEL_PATH',      APP_PATH.'models/');
-define('ROUTE_PATH',      APP_PATH.'routes/');
-define('SESSION_PATH',    STORAGE_PATH.'sessions/');
-define('SYS_CONFIG_PATH', SYS_PATH.'config/');
-define('SYS_LANG_PATH',   SYS_PATH.'language/');
-define('SYS_VIEW_PATH',   SYS_PATH.'views/');
-define('VIEW_PATH',       APP_PATH.'views/');
-
-unset($laravel, $application, $config, $packages, $public, $storage);
+require 'constants.php';
 
 /**
  * Load the classes that can't be resolved through the auto-loader.
  * These are typically classes that are used by the auto-loader or
  * configuration classes, and therefore cannot be auto-loaded.
  */
+require SYS_PATH.'arr'.EXT;
 require SYS_PATH.'config'.EXT;
 require SYS_PATH.'loader'.EXT;
-require SYS_PATH.'arr'.EXT;
 
 /**
  * If a Laravel environment has been specified on the server, we will
diff --git a/laravel/database/connection.php b/laravel/database/connection.php
index d8be69c3..c1566085 100644
--- a/laravel/database/connection.php
+++ b/laravel/database/connection.php
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@ public function first($sql, $bindings = array())
 	 */
 	public function query($sql, $bindings = array())
 	{
-		// First we need to remove all expressions from the bindings since
-		// they will be placed into the query as raw strings.
+		// First we need to remove all expressions from the bindings
+		// since they will be placed into the query as raw strings.
 		foreach ($bindings as $key => $value)
 		{
 			if ($value instanceof Expression) unset($bindings[$key]);
diff --git a/laravel/form.php b/laravel/form.php
index ae9c4298..5f2b810b 100644
--- a/laravel/form.php
+++ b/laravel/form.php
@@ -43,9 +43,9 @@ class Form {
 	 */
 	public static function open($action = null, $method = 'POST', $attributes = array(), $https = false)
 	{
-		$attributes['action'] = static::action($action, $https);
-
 		$attributes['method'] =  static::method($method);
+		
+		$attributes['action'] = static::action($action, $https);
 
 		if ( ! array_key_exists('accept-charset', $attributes))
 		{
@@ -207,7 +207,9 @@ public static function input($type, $name, $value = null, $attributes = array())
 
 		$id = static::id($name, $attributes);
 
-		return '<input'.HTML::attributes(array_merge($attributes, compact('type', 'name', 'value', 'id'))).'>'.PHP_EOL;
+		$attributes = array_merge($attributes, compact('type', 'name', 'value', 'id'));
+
+		return '<input'.HTML::attributes($attributes).'>'.PHP_EOL;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -363,20 +365,37 @@ public static function textarea($name, $value = '', $attributes = array())
 	 */	
 	public static function select($name, $options = array(), $selected = null, $attributes = array())
 	{
-		$attributes = array_merge($attributes, array('id' => static::id($name, $attributes), 'name' => $name));
+		$attributes['id'] = static::id($name, $attributes);
+		
+		$attributes['name'] = $name;
 
 		$html = array();
 
 		foreach ($options as $value => $display)
 		{
-			$option_attributes = array('value' => HTML::entities($value), 'selected' => ($value == $selected) ? 'selected' : null);
-
-			$html[] = '<option'.HTML::attributes($option_attributes).'>'.HTML::entities($display).'</option>';
+			$html[] = static::option($value, $display, $selected);
 		}
 
 		return '<select'.HTML::attributes($attributes).'>'.implode('', $html).'</select>'.PHP_EOL;
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Create a HTML select element option.
+	 *
+	 * @param  string  $value
+	 * @param  string  $display
+	 * @return string  $selected
+	 * @return string
+	 */
+	protected static function option($value, $display, $selected)
+	{
+		$selected = ($value === $selected) ? 'selected' : null;
+
+		$attributes = array('value' => HTML::entities($value), 'selected' => $selected);
+
+		return '<option'.HTML::attributes($attributes).'>'.HTML::entities($display).'</option>';
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Create a HTML checkbox input element.
 	 *
diff --git a/laravel/html.php b/laravel/html.php
index 953a5397..489714ed 100644
--- a/laravel/html.php
+++ b/laravel/html.php
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ public static function script($url, $attributes = array())
 	{
 		$url = static::entities(URL::to_asset($url));
 
-		return '<script type="text/javascript" src="'.$url.'"'.static::attributes($attributes).'></script>'.PHP_EOL;
+		return '<script src="'.$url.'"'.static::attributes($attributes).'></script>'.PHP_EOL;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ public static function image($url, $alt = '', $attributes = array())
 	 */
 	public static function ol($list, $attributes = array())
 	{
-		return static::list_elements('ol', $list, $attributes);
+		return static::listing('ol', $list, $attributes);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ public static function ol($list, $attributes = array())
 	 */
 	public static function ul($list, $attributes = array())
 	{
-		return static::list_elements('ul', $list, $attributes);
+		return static::listing('ul', $list, $attributes);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -264,13 +264,13 @@ public static function ul($list, $attributes = array())
 	 * @param  array   $attributes
 	 * @return string
 	 */
-	private static function list_elements($type, $list, $attributes = array())
+	private static function listing($type, $list, $attributes = array())
 	{
 		$html = '';
 
 		foreach ($list as $key => $value)
 		{
-			$html .= (is_array($value)) ? static::list_elements($type, $value) : '<li>'.static::entities($value).'</li>';
+			$html .= (is_array($value)) ? static::elements($type, $value) : '<li>'.static::entities($value).'</li>';
 		}
 
 		return '<'.$type.static::attributes($attributes).'>'.$html.'</'.$type.'>';
@@ -279,6 +279,9 @@ private static function list_elements($type, $list, $attributes = array())
 	/**
 	 * Build a list of HTML attributes from an array.
 	 *
+	 * Numeric-keyed attributes will be assigned the same key and value to handle
+	 * attributes such as "autofocus" and "required".
+	 *
 	 * @param  array   $attributes
 	 * @return string
 	 */
@@ -288,8 +291,6 @@ public static function attributes($attributes)
 
 		foreach ((array) $attributes as $key => $value)
 		{
-			// Assume numeric-keyed attributes to have the same key and value.
-			// Example: required="required", autofocus="autofocus", etc.
 			if (is_numeric($key)) $key = $value;
 
 			if ( ! is_null($value))
diff --git a/laravel/language/en/pagination.php b/laravel/language/en/pagination.php
index c4e503d6..db6f5fa4 100644
--- a/laravel/language/en/pagination.php
+++ b/laravel/language/en/pagination.php
@@ -2,6 +2,20 @@
 
 return array(
 
+	/*
+	|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	| Pagination Language Lines
+	|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	|
+	| The following language lines are used by the paginator library to build
+	| the pagination links. They may be easily changed by the developer to
+	| anything they wish.
+	|
+	| The "status" line has two place-holders, :current and :last, for which
+	| the current and last page numbers are substituted, respectively.
+	|
+	*/
+
 	'first'    => 'First',
 	'previous' => '&larr; Previous',
 	'status'   => 'Page :current of :last',
diff --git a/laravel/language/en/validation.php b/laravel/language/en/validation.php
index 79de7c3f..edd77e71 100644
--- a/laravel/language/en/validation.php
+++ b/laravel/language/en/validation.php
@@ -2,6 +2,38 @@
 
 return array(
 
+	/*
+	|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	| Validation Attribute Language Lines
+	|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	|
+	| The following language lines are used to swap attribute place-holders
+	| with something more reader friendly, such as "E-Mail Address" instead
+	| of "email".
+	|
+	| The Validator class will automatically search this array of lines when
+	| attempting to replace the :attribute place-holder in error messages.
+	|
+	*/
+
+	'attributes' => array(),
+
+	/*
+	|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	| Validation Language Lines
+	|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+	|
+	| The following language lines contain the default error messages used
+	| by the validator class. Some of the rules contain multiple versions,
+	| such as the size (max, min, between) rules. These versions are used
+	| for different input types such as strings and files.
+	|
+	| These language lines may be easily changed by the developer to provide
+	| custom error messages in their application. Error messages for custom
+	| validation rules may also be added to this file.
+	|
+	*/
+
 	"accepted"       => "The :attribute must be accepted.",
 	"active_url"     => "The :attribute is not a valid URL.",
 	"alpha"          => "The :attribute may only contain letters.",
diff --git a/laravel/laravel.php b/laravel/laravel.php
index 8aa41098..86ef75d3 100644
--- a/laravel/laravel.php
+++ b/laravel/laravel.php
@@ -37,7 +37,9 @@
  * Manually load some core classes that are used on every request
  * This allows to avoid using the loader for these classes.
  */
+require SYS_PATH.'input'.EXT;
 require SYS_PATH.'request'.EXT;
+require SYS_PATH.'response'.EXT;
 require SYS_PATH.'routing/route'.EXT;
 require SYS_PATH.'routing/router'.EXT;
 require SYS_PATH.'routing/loader'.EXT;
@@ -117,7 +119,7 @@
  */
 if (Config::$items['session']['driver'] !== '')
 {
-	Session\Manager::close(array(Input::old_input => Input::get()));
+	Session\Manager::close();
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/laravel/proxy.php b/laravel/proxy.php
deleted file mode 100644
index c81e9390..00000000
--- a/laravel/proxy.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-<?php namespace Laravel;
-
-/**
- * The Proxy class, like the File class, is primarily intended to get rid of
- * the testability problems introduced by PHP's global functions.
- *
- * For instance, the APC cache driver calls the APC global functions. Instead of
- * calling those functions directory in the driver, we inject a Proxy instance into
- * the class, which allows us to stub the global functions.
- */
-class Proxy {
-
-	/**
-	 * Magic Method for calling any global function.
-	 */
-	public function __call($method, $parameters)
-	{
-		return call_user_func_array($method, $parameters);
-	}
-
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/laravel/request.php b/laravel/request.php
index 06c3edcb..581295d5 100644
--- a/laravel/request.php
+++ b/laravel/request.php
@@ -160,14 +160,11 @@ public static function ip($default = '0.0.0.0')
 	/**
 	 * Get the HTTP protocol for the request.
 	 *
-	 * This method will return either "https" or "http", depending on whether HTTPS
-	 * is being used for the current request.
-	 *
 	 * @return string
 	 */
 	public static function protocol()
 	{
-		return (isset($_SERVER['HTTPS']) and strtolower($_SERVER['HTTPS']) !== 'off') ? 'https' : 'http';
+		return Arr::get($_SERVER, 'SERVER_PROTOCOL', 'HTTP/1.1');
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -177,7 +174,7 @@ public static function protocol()
 	 */
 	public static function secure()
 	{
-		return static::protocol() == 'https';
+		return isset($_SERVER['HTTPS']) and strtolower($_SERVER['HTTPS']) !== 'off';
 	}
 
 	/**
diff --git a/laravel/response.php b/laravel/response.php
index f04e6f84..7c87e4d3 100644
--- a/laravel/response.php
+++ b/laravel/response.php
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ public function render()
 	/**
 	 * Send the response to the browser.
 	 *
-	 * All of the response header will be sent to the browser first, followed by
+	 * All of the response headers will be sent to the browser first, followed by
 	 * the content of the response instance, which will be evaluated and rendered
 	 * by the render method.
 	 *
@@ -235,26 +235,33 @@ public function render()
 	 */
 	public function send()
 	{
-		if ( ! isset($this->headers['Content-Type']))
-		{
-			$this->header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8');
-		}
-
-		if ( ! headers_sent()) $this->send_headers();
+		if ( ! headers_sent()) $this->headers();
 
 		echo $this->render();
 	}
 
 	/**
-	 * Send the response headers to the browser.
+	 * Send all of the response headers to the browser.
+	 *
+	 * The develop may set any response headers they wish using the "header" method.
+	 * All of the headers set by the developer will be automatically sent to the
+	 * browser when the response is sent via the "send" method. There is no need
+	 * to call this method before calling the "send" method.
+	 *
+	 * The protocol and status header will be set automatically, as well as the
+	 * content-type and charset, unless those headers have been set explicitly.
+	 * The content-type charset used will be the application encoding.
 	 *
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public function send_headers()
+	public function headers()
 	{
-		$protocol = (isset($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'])) ? $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] : 'HTTP/1.1';
+		if ( ! isset($this->headers['Content-Type']))
+		{
+			$this->header('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset='.Config::$items['application']['encoding']);
+		}
 
-		header($protocol.' '.$this->status.' '.$this->statuses[$this->status]);
+		header(Request::protocol().' '.$this->status.' '.$this->statuses[$this->status]);
 
 		foreach ($this->headers as $name => $value)
 		{	
diff --git a/laravel/routing/loader.php b/laravel/routing/loader.php
index 47c656a6..73240727 100644
--- a/laravel/routing/loader.php
+++ b/laravel/routing/loader.php
@@ -92,6 +92,9 @@ public function everything()
 
 		$routes = array();
 
+		// First, we'll grab the base routes from the application directory.
+		// Once we have these, we'll merge all of the nested routes in the
+		// routes directory into this array of routes.
 		if (file_exists($path = $this->base.'routes'.EXT))
 		{
 			$routes = array_merge($routes, require $path);
diff --git a/laravel/security/crypter.php b/laravel/security/crypter.php
index a85fd7d8..6312f900 100644
--- a/laravel/security/crypter.php
+++ b/laravel/security/crypter.php
@@ -72,25 +72,29 @@ public static function encrypt($value)
 	 */
 	public static function decrypt($value)
 	{
-		// Since all encrypted strings generated by this class are base64
-		// encoded, we will first attempt to base64 decode the string.
-		// If we can't do it, we'll bail out.
 		if ( ! is_string($value = base64_decode($value, true)))
 		{
 			throw new \Exception('Decryption error. Input value is not valid base64 data.');
 		}
 
-		// Extract the input vector and the encrypted string from the value.
-		// These will be used by Mcrypt to properly decrypt the value.
-		$iv = substr($value, 0, static::iv_size());
-
-		$value = substr($value, static::iv_size());
+		list($iv, $value) = static::parse($value);
 
 		$key = Config::$items['application']['key'];
 
 		return rtrim(mcrypt_decrypt(static::$cipher, $key, $value, static::$mode, $iv), "\0");
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Parse an encrypted value into the input vector and the actual value.
+	 *
+	 * @param  string  $value
+	 * @return array
+	 */
+	protected static function parse($value)
+	{
+		return array(substr($value, 0, static::iv_size()), substr($value, static::iv_size()));
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Get the input vector size for the cipher and mode.
 	 *
diff --git a/laravel/session/manager.php b/laravel/session/manager.php
index 5e9728da..30baf671 100644
--- a/laravel/session/manager.php
+++ b/laravel/session/manager.php
@@ -269,18 +269,12 @@ protected static function replace($search, $replace, $keys)
 	/**
 	 * Close the session handling for the request.
 	 *
-	 * @param  array  $flash
 	 * @return void
 	 */
-	public static function close($flash = array())
+	public static function close()
 	{
 		$config = Config::$items['session'];
 
-		foreach ($flash as $key => $value)
-		{
-			static::flash($key, $value);
-		}
-
 		static::$driver->save(static::age(), $config, static::$exists);
 
 		static::$transporter->put(static::$session['id'], $config);
diff --git a/laravel/validation/validator.php b/laravel/validation/validator.php
index 821db832..008cee30 100644
--- a/laravel/validation/validator.php
+++ b/laravel/validation/validator.php
@@ -563,7 +563,9 @@ protected function replace($message, $attribute, $rule, $parameters)
 			// Except for "between" every replacement should be the first parameter.
 			$max = ($rule == 'between') ? $parameters[1] : $parameters[0];
 
-			$message = str_replace(array(':size', ':min', ':max'), array($parameters[0], $parameters[0], $max), $message);
+			$replace =  array($parameters[0], $parameters[0], $max);
+
+			$message = str_replace(array(':size', ':min', ':max'), $replace, $message);
 		}
 		elseif (in_array($rule, $this->inclusion_rules))
 		{
diff --git a/laravel/view.php b/laravel/view.php
index 1a1fe429..55f15457 100644
--- a/laravel/view.php
+++ b/laravel/view.php
@@ -133,12 +133,16 @@ protected static function name($name)
 	{
 		if (is_null(static::$composers)) static::$composers = require APP_PATH.'composers'.EXT;
 
-		// The view's name may specified in several different ways in the composers file.
-		// The composer may simple have a string value, which is the name. Or, it may
-		// an array value in which a "name" key exists.
+		// The view's name may specified in several different ways in the
+		// composers file. The composer may simple have a string value,
+		// which is the name. Or, it may an array value in which a
+		// "name" key exists.
 		foreach (static::$composers as $key => $value)
 		{
-			if ($name === $value or (is_array($value) and $name === Arr::get($value, 'name'))) return $key;
+			if ($name === $value or (is_array($value) and $name === Arr::get($value, 'name')))
+			{
+				return $key;
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -170,10 +174,10 @@ public function render()
 	{
 		static::compose($this);
 
-		// All nested views and responses are evaluated before the main view.
-		// This allows the assets used by these views to be added to the asset
-		// container before the
-		// main view is evaluated and dumps the links to the assets.
+		// All nested views and responses are evaluated before the
+		// main view. This allows the assets used by these views to
+		// be added to the asset container before the main view is
+		// evaluated and dumps the links to the assets.
 		foreach ($this->data as &$data) 
 		{
 			if ($data instanceof View or $data instanceof Response)
@@ -184,9 +188,9 @@ public function render()
 
 		ob_start() and extract($this->data, EXTR_SKIP);
 
-		// If the view is a "Blade" view, we need to check the view for modifications
-		// and get the path to the compiled view file. Otherwise, we'll just use the
-		// regular path to the view.
+		// If the view is a "Blade" view, we need to check the view for
+		// modifications and get the path to the compiled view file.
+		// Otherwise, we'll just use the regular path to the view.
 		$view = (strpos($this->path, BLADE_EXT) !== false) ? $this->compile() : $this->path;
 
 		try { include $view; } catch (Exception $e) { ob_get_clean(); throw $e; }
diff --git a/public/index.php b/public/index.php
index 06006852..c39e1cd0 100644
--- a/public/index.php
+++ b/public/index.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 | Tick... Tock... Tick... Tock
 |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
+
 define('START_TIME', microtime(true));
 
 /*
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@
 | 3... 2... 1... Lift-off!
 |--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */
+
 require $laravel.'/laravel.php';
 
-//echo number_format((microtime(true) - START_TIME) * 1000, 2);
\ No newline at end of file
+echo number_format((microtime(true) - START_TIME) * 1000, 2);
\ No newline at end of file