{
  "access_token": "oxVyQUEAVCeXASr",
  "model_version": "crop_health:1.2.1",
  "custom_id": null,
  "input": {
    "latitude": null,
    "longitude": null,
    "similar_images": true,
    "images": [
      "https://crop.kindwise.com/media/images/dc5c4b92fc804e3db6bcfc2b1a597829.jpg"
    ],
    "datetime": "2025-05-12T06:37:40.043425+00:00"
  },
  "result": {
    "is_plant": {
      "probability": 0.9983209,
      "threshold": 0.5,
      "binary": true
    },
    "disease": {
      "suggestions": [
        {
          "id": "081a574211a34cf3",
          "name": "sugarcane rust",
          "probability": 0.6615,
          "similar_images": [
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              "id": "c973e530e57ce2815a70b0a3780b5b3592f395f7",
              "url": "https://crop-health.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/similar_images/1/c97/3e530e57ce2815a70b0a3780b5b3592f395f7.jpg",
              "license_name": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
              "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
              "citation": "K.C. Alexander (EcoPort)",
              "similarity": 0.43,
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          "details": {
            "description": "Sugarcane rust disease is a prominent plant illness caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia melanocephala. While this disease primarily affects sugarcane crops, other plant species within the Poaceae family can also serve as host plants. The disease, which is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, poses a significant threat to sugar production globally. The severity of the infection may depend on various factors including the type of sugarcane cultivar and environmental conditions. The fungus that incites sugarcane rust typically undergoes a complex life cycle, involving the production of different spore types that facilitate disease propagation and persistence. This disease is well known for causing significant crop losses if not properly managed.",
            "symptoms": {
              "Yellowing of leaves": " Sugarcane rust can also cause yellowing of leaves. This is typically more pronounced around the lesions.",
              "Appearance of lesions": " The initial signs of sugarcane rust disease usually begin with the appearance of reddish-brown pustules or lesions on both sides of the leaf blades.",
              "Reduction in leaf size": " Seeing an apparent reduction in leaf size is another symptom. This is mainly due to the premature death of leaves as a result of the disease.",
              "Decrease in growth rate": " Infected plants may display a significant decrease in their growth rate as the disease progresses.",
              "Leaf appearance changes": " Over time, these lesions give the leaves a rusty color due to the large number of spores contained within them.",
              "Powdery spots on leaves": " One can notice the appearance of powdery spots or patches on the leaves. These spots are because of the rust spores breaking out from the lesions.",
              "Reduced sugarcane yield": " If not controlled, the disease can lead to a serious reduction in sugarcane yield due to decreased photosynthesis, the process plants use to convert light into energy.",
              "Overall decreased plant vigor": " Affected sugarcane plants may appear less robust and exhibit an overall decrease in vibrancy and vitality."
            },
            "severity": "This plant disease is highly severe, causing significant losses in crop yield and quality. It primarily affects the leaf blades and sheaths and is most destructive during the elongation stage of crop growth. The pathogen often results in premature leaf death, reducing the photosynthetic capacity of the plant, eventually impacting its vigor and growth, and leading to a decrease in sugar content and cane weight. It can endanger whole crops if not effectively treated.",
            "spreading": "This plant disease is primarily spread by wind-borne fungal spores. It can spread rapidly if weather conditions are favourable, potentially infecting significant farming areas within weeks. Warm, wet conditions with high humidity often foster the transmission of this disease, as they allow the fungal spores to germinate and infect new hosts. These spores are able to survive in crop debris in the soil, allowing for a potential resurgence of the disease in later planting seasons.",
            "treatment": {
              "prevention": [
                "Clean Farm Equipment: Regularly clean and sterilize farm tools and equipment to prevent the spread of the disease.",
                "Opt for Disease-Free Planting Material: Always use disease-free planting material to prevent early disease introduction.",
                "Proper Spacing: Ensure proper spacing between your sugarcane plants to prevent overcrowding which can favor the multiplication of the disease.",
                "Quarantine Infected Plants: Remove and isolate any infected plants from healthy ones as soon as possible.",
                "Regular Field Inspection: Routinely inspect your field to catch any signs of the disease as early as possible."
              ],
              "chemical treatment": [
                "Use Systemic fungicides: Apply systemic fungicides that can get absorbed by the plant and kill the fungus.",
                "Safeguard with Protective fungicides: Protect against spores by spraying protective fungicides on the plant.",
                "Regular Spray: Routinely spray fungicides during periods of potential disease development.",
                "Copper-based fungicides: Use copper-based fungicides to control the spread of the disease.",
                "Use Sulphur sprays: Apply sulphur sprays to the plants, being careful not to overdose as it can harm the plant."
              ],
              "biological treatment": [
                "Use Resistant Varieties: Plant sugarcane varieties that are resistant to Puccinia melanocephala.",
                "Biological Control Agents: Introduce biological control agents such as Trichoderma or other antagonistic fungi.",
                "Crop Rotation: Practice crop rotation with plants that are not hosts to the rust fungus to break its life cycle.",
                "Use Biosurfactants: Apply biosurfactants to the infected plants to help control the rust.",
                "Natural Predators: Encourage the presence of natural predators of the rust fungus in the field."
              ]
            },
            "language": "en",
            "entity_id": "081a574211a34cf3"
          },
          "scientific_name": "Puccinia melanocephala"
        },
        {
          "id": "0b2e2f8c90065723",
          "name": "brown spot of rice",
          "probability": 0.2646,
          "similar_images": [
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              "url": "https://crop-health.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/similar_images/1/87f/ae86c30559584d2ffd62c681b779d3b07c680.jpeg",
              "license_name": "CC BY 3.0",
              "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/",
              "citation": "Jie-Hao Ou",
              "similarity": 0.626,
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            {
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              "license_name": "CC BY 3.0",
              "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/",
              "citation": "Jie-Hao Ou",
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          "details": {
            "description": "Brown spot of rice, caused by the fungus Bipolaris oryzae, is a significant plant disease encountered worldwide. It primarily affects rice plants, but can also infect other grass species. This disease is often an indicator of poor soil fertility, especially when there is a deficiency of silica or an excess of nitrogen. Brown spot of rice can lead to considerable yield loss, making it economically significant. Severity may differ based on climatic conditions, with warmer regions with high humidity being more conducive to disease spread. Factors such as continuous rain, long dew periods, and rice cultivar susceptibility can also contribute to disease onset and progression.",
            "symptoms": {
              "Reduced grain size": " One of the symptoms of the brown spot of rice disease is the noticeable reduction in the size of grains, due to the hindered growth of the plant.",
              "Brown lesions on leaves": " The most easily recognizable symptom of brown spot disease is the presence of brown or dark brown spots or lesions on leaves, leaf sheaths, and other green parts of the plant.",
              "Reduced yield and quality": " Overall, plants affected by this disease show a decrease in yield and grain quality, which directly affects the rice production.",
              "Yellow halos around spots": " Around the brown spots, yellow halos often develop which indicate a wider area of damage to the leaf tissue.",
              "Grains showing brown discoloration": " Infected plants may display brown discoloration on the grains, which may spread and cover the entire grain surface.",
              "Shriveled grains/ Poor grain filling": " On infected plants, grains don't fill out properly, leaving them shriveled and underdeveloped.",
              "Increase in dead hearts and white heads": " The disease causes the death of the central shoot which is referred to as 'dead heart' in seedlings or 'white heads’ in mature plants."
            },
            "severity": "This plant disease is highly harmful, with severe cases causing up to 50% yield losses. It typically affects a crop during the seedling stage and continues to deteriorate the plant until the grain filling stage. Despite being most noticeable on leaves, it can also affect the root system and grains, causing symptoms such as leaf spots, root rot, and grain discoloration. Its severity and reach can devastate crops as it spreads rapidly in warm, high-humidity environments.",
            "spreading": "This particular plant disease typically spreads through infected seeds, planting materials, wind, and rain splash. It can spread quickly, usually within a week, under warm and humid conditions, especially during heavy rainfall seasons. Dense cropping systems and poor soil fertility can also favor its faster transmission.",
            "treatment": {
              "prevention": [
                "Crop rotation: Practice crop rotation, ensuring you do not consistently plant rice in the same field.",
                "Proper drainage: Maintain proper drainage in fields to prevent favourable conditions for Bipolaris Oryzae spores development.",
                "Proper planting patterns: Adopt planting patterns that allow for adequate air circulation and sunlight penetration.",
                "Regular field inspection: Constantly inspect your fields and address any visible symptoms immediately.",
                "Good sanitary practices: Always clean farm tools and equipment after use to prevent the spread of disease."
              ],
              "chemical treatment": [
                "Use of fungicides: Apply fungicides like propiconazole and tricyclazole to treat infected plants.",
                "Seed treatment: Treat seeds chemically before planting to prevent the development of the disease.",
                "Soil treatment: Use chemicals such as Methyl Bromide and Chloropicrin to sterilize soil.",
                "Spray copper-based chemicals: Apply copper-based chemicals to infected crops to halt infection.",
                "Use of systemic fungicides: Actively apply systemic fungicides like tebuconazole and azoxystrobin during initial stages of infection."
              ],
              "biological treatment": [
                "Biofungicide application: Apply biofungicides such as Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma to infected areas to combat the disease.",
                "Crop rotation: To break the disease cycle, practice crop rotation, ensuring rice is not continually planted in the same field.",
                "Disease-resistant varieties: Plant disease-resistant varieties of rice to reduce the likelihood of Brown Spot disease.",
                "Biological controls: Introduce beneficial insects and microorganisms that feed on Bipolaris Oryzae, thereby controlling its population.",
                "Sanitation: Regularly clean and dispose of infected plant materials properly to control spread."
              ]
            },
            "language": "en",
            "entity_id": "0b2e2f8c90065723"
          },
          "scientific_name": "Bipolaris oryzae"
        },
        {
          "id": "89fe41df29cb7984",
          "name": "false smut",
          "probability": 0.0252,
          "similar_images": [
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              "id": "630e16c712228ce0ccf36d5f1e95c8df3cd8e58e",
              "url": "https://crop-health.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/similar_images/1/630/e16c712228ce0ccf36d5f1e95c8df3cd8e58e.jpg",
              "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
              "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
              "citation": "Ong Jyh Seng",
              "similarity": 0.509,
              "url_small": "https://crop-health.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/similar_images/1/630/e16c712228ce0ccf36d5f1e95c8df3cd8e58e.small.jpg"
            },
            {
              "id": "74ba2321159fbbd09a847bf4a8fba81f85d65de0",
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              "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
              "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
              "citation": "Ong Jyh Seng",
              "similarity": 0.452,
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          ],
          "details": {
            "description": "False smut, caused by the fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, is a notorious plant disease that primarily affects rice plants. Though not as threatening as other diseases, it can significantly reduce yield quality and lead to economic losses, especially in regions where rice is a staple crop. While it is most commonly found in Asian countries, this disease has recently been reported in rice-growing areas around the world. The pathogen forms greenish to orange-brown spore balls, replacing the rice grains. Moreover, while the fungus primarily thrives in rice plants, reports indicate that it can infect various other grass types as well. The spread and severity of the disease are generally influenced by several factors, including environmental conditions and agricultural practices.",
            "symptoms": {
              "Foul smell": " The affected plants develop a foul smell due to the smut balls' degradation.",
              "Damage of grains": " Ustilaginoidea virens infects rice grains causing severe losses, within the grain, the pathogen develops mycelium and later forms chlamydospores.",
              "Velvety appearance": " The surface of the smut balls generally has a velvety appearance due to the presence of numerous spores.",
              "Color change in balls": " These balls eventually turn yellowish-brown to dark brown as the disease progress.",
              "Enlargement of grains": " The grains affected by false smut enlarge in size, converting into smut balls.",
              "Smut balls replacement": " False smut is characterized by the replacement of one to several grains on a rice spikelet with smut balls.",
              "Production of mycotoxins": " The Ustilaginoidea virens fungus produces mycotoxins, harmful compounds that can cause health problems when ingested.",
              "Formation of greenish balls": " The most distinctive symptom of false smut is the formation of greenish balls on the rice grains during the heading stage."
            },
            "severity": "The severity of this disease can be quite high, leading to significant crop losses annually. The ailment affects the plant mainly during the flowering stage, particularly targeting the spikelets. It is highly dangerous to the plant as the symptoms include large, ball-like fungal structures that replace the grains, rendering the crop unmarketable. This disease has a serious impact on the economic value of crops.",
            "spreading": "This plant disease primarily spreads through airborne fungal spores that can be carried by wind or insects. It can also spread through infected seeds or plant debris left in the field. The rate of its spread is relatively fast, especially in humid and warm conditions. These environmental conditions, coupled with high plant density and prolonged leaf wetness, significantly favor its spread, leading to major crop damage.",
            "treatment": {
              "prevention": [
                "Maintaining Cleanliness: Keep surrounding fields clean to avoid further multiplication of the false smut fungal spores.",
                "Disease-resistant Crop Varieties: Cultivate disease-resistant varieties to reduce the chances of disease occurrence.",
                "Proper Crop Rotation: Implement crop rotation to break the life cycle of the disease-causing agent.",
                "Correct Watering Practices: Water at ground level to avoid splashing and dispersion of fungal spores.",
                "Regular Monitoring: Regularly monitor the crop for any early signs of false smut to initiate immediate control measures."
              ],
              "chemical treatment": [
                "Spray with carbendazim: Effectively reduces the severity of the disease by killing various types of fungi.",
                "Apply propiconazole: Specifically known for its systemic foliar fungus control.",
                "Drench with Fungicides: Apply fungicides like tebuconazole, mancozeb, or copper oxychloride to reduce the severity of the disease.",
                "Use of Streptomycin sulphate: A widely used antibiotic to suppress the growth of the Ustilaginoidea virens.",
                "Apply sulfur-based fungicides: These can be used to control the disease and prevent its emergence during the growing season."
              ],
              "biological treatment": [
                "Application of Pseudomonas fluorescens: Apply Pseudomonas fluorescens, a bacteria that produces antibiotics inhibiting fungal growth, to the affected areas of the plant.",
                "Deployment of Trichoderma species: Introduce Trichoderma species, a fungi used as bio-control agents, to compete with the false smut disease-causing organism.",
                "Enforcement of Bacillus subtilis: Enforce the use of Bacillus subtilis, a bacteria that improves plant health and helps in controlling the disease.",
                "Utilization of biofertilizers and biopesticides: Implement organic manures containing friendly microorganisms which reduce or inhibit the false smut pathogen.",
                "Enhancing beneficial insects: Encourage beneficial insects like ladybugs, spiders, parasitic wasps, which help in reducing the spread of fungal spores."
              ]
            },
            "language": "en",
            "entity_id": "89fe41df29cb7984"
          },
          "scientific_name": "Ustilaginoidea virens"
        },
        {
          "id": "e48734af3adbf743",
          "name": "Septoria nodorum blotch",
          "probability": 0.0225,
          "similar_images": [
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              "id": "7413ec3cc9e01e38e0d670e7649e8659d33cfc5f",
              "url": "https://crop-health.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/similar_images/1/741/3ec3cc9e01e38e0d670e7649e8659d33cfc5f.png",
              "license_name": "CC0",
              "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
              "citation": "Christina Cowger",
              "similarity": 0.495,
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            {
              "id": "d18c88bb0f931396f534294664eb8836696f5885",
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              "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
              "citation": "USDA",
              "similarity": 0.278,
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          "details": {
            "description": "Septoria Nodorum Blotch is a severe plant disease caused by the fungus Parastagonospora Nodorum. This disease tends to mainly affect wheat crops, but it can also destroy barley and other small grain crops. The fungus thrives in moist and moderate temperature conditions, making it a common problem in many parts of the world. Septoria Nodorum Blotch can substantially lower crop yields and is considered a serious problem by farmers globally. The spread of this disease is facilitated through the dispersal of fungal spores by the wind, rain, and contaminated seeds. It's noteworthy that the disease can persist in crop residues in the soil, serving as an inoculum source for subsequent growing seasons.",
            "symptoms": {
              "Leaf blotching": " Septoria nodorum blotch is often characterized by significant leaf blotching, giving the disease its name.",
              "Damage to grains": " The disease can also affect the grains, causing shriveled kernels and reduction in grain weight and quality.",
              "Shedding of leaves": " A severe infection often results in the shedding of leaves, beginning from the lower plant canopy.",
              "Presence of lesions": " The symptom of Septoria Nodorum Blotch often starts as water-soaked lesions on the leaves and stems of the infected plant.",
              "Lesions turning grey": " As the disease progresses, the center of these lesions often turn gray or tan.",
              "Variation in symptoms": " The degree and type of symptoms can depend on the host, the specific strain of the fungus, and environmental conditions.",
              "Appearance of black specks": " In conditions of high humidity, tiny black specks (fungal fruiting bodies) may appear in the necrotic areas.",
              "Development of necrotic areas": " These lesions typically progress to larger, necrotic areas that are often surrounded by a yellow halo."
            },
            "severity": "This particular plant disease is highly severe and often causes devastating damage to the crop. It is considered extremely dangerous because it affects the most crucial parts of a plant, such as its leaves and grain, resulting in lower overall yield. The disease typically infects plants during the seedling stage and continues to progress throughout the plant's life cycle, significantly impacting its growth and development.",
            "spreading": "This plant disease often spreads through the rainy season or in irrigated fields due to the splashing of raindrops and wind. It can also spread through contaminated crop residues and infected seed. The disease can spread rapidly in conditions of moist and damp weather with moderate temperatures. Poorly drained and dense crops or fields with a history of the disease are particularly vulnerable. Generally, the spread is faster when the crop is near the flowering stage, especially under wet conditions.",
            "treatment": {
              "prevention": [
                "Regular Field Inspection: Frequently inspect fields to detect disease symptoms early on.",
                "Remove Infected Leaves: Promptly remove and destroy infected leaves to prevent spore spreading.",
                "Crop Sanitation: Maintain cleanliness in the field to prevent pathogen establishment.",
                "Limit Irrigation: Limit overhead irrigation that increases humidity and favors fungal growth.",
                "Isolation: Isolate infected plants to prevent disease spread to healthy ones."
              ],
              "chemical treatment": [
                "Fungicide Application: Apply fungicides that are effective against Parastagonospora Nodorum to infected plants.",
                "Seed Treatment: Use fungicide-treated seeds to prevent the disease from starting.",
                "Appropriate Timing of Fungicide Use: Apply fungicides at both seedling and later growth stages to control the pathogen.",
                "Regular Spraying: Regularly spray crops with suitable fungicides to reduce the infection.",
                "Use of Systemic Fungicides: Use systemic fungicides for long-term treatment and prevention of the disease."
              ],
              "biological treatment": [
                "Use of Resistant Strains: Plant wheat varieties that are resistant to the Parastagonospora Nodorum fungus.",
                "Implement Biocontrol Agents: Release specific microorganisms such as Trichoderma which act against the pathogen.",
                "Use Compost and Organic Matter: Improve soil health to boost plant's resistance with compost and organic matter.",
                "Crop Rotation: Implement a cycle of different crops to reduce pathogen's presence in soils.",
                "Bio-fungicides: Apply bio-fungicides to infected plants for mitigating the severity of the disease."
              ]
            },
            "language": "en",
            "entity_id": "e48734af3adbf743"
          },
          "scientific_name": "Parastagonospora nodorum"
        },
        {
          "id": "87d87c7ffbfcb31f",
          "name": "bacterial blight of rice",
          "probability": 0.0105,
          "similar_images": [
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              "license_name": "CC BY 3.0",
              "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/",
              "citation": "Donald Groth, Louisiana State University AgCenter",
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              "citation": "William M. Brown Jr.",
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          ],
          "details": {
            "description": "Bacterial blight of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is a prevalent and dangerous plant disease, especially in the rice-growing regions of Asia. It has the potential to cause severe epidemic outbreaks, drastically affecting the volume of crop yield. The disease specifically targets rice plants (Oryza sativa), causing devastating damage to paddies. The organism causing the disease is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. Environmental factors like high humidity, temperature, and rain play a critical role in the spread of this disease. Despite its significant threat to global food security, there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge regarding the population dynamics and molecular biology of this pathogen.",
            "symptoms": {
              "Rotting smell": " Infected plants may produce a rotting smell due to the bacterial infection deteriorating the plant's health.",
              "Wilting of leaves": " With disease progression, the leaves begin to wilt and dry out, causing them to look blighted.",
              "Leaf discoloration": " The initial symptoms include water-soaked streaks forming on the leaves, turning into yellow to orange leaf lesions.",
              "Leaf tip withering": " As the disease progresses, the leaf tips start withering and drying out, giving the plant a burnt appearance.",
              "Reduction in yield": " The most severe outcome of bacterial blight of rice is a self-evident drop in the crop's yield, both due to loss of photosynthetic area and poor grain filling.",
              "Grain discoloration": " The pathogen can invade the panicle, turning the grains reddish-brown or straw-colored with poor seed filling.",
              "Greyish-white lesions": " The formation of greyish-white lesions (dead tissue) surrounded by yellow halo-like areas occur on the leaf blade and leaf sheath.",
              "Lesions on leaf sheath": " The bacteria may penetrate the leaf sheath causing an irregularly-shaped, yellow to reddish, water-soaked lesion."
            },
            "severity": "This particular plant disease is highly severe, often considered one of the most destructive for the affected crop. It can result in significant yield losses of up to 50%, sometimes completely wiping out fields under favorable conditions for disease development. It classically affects the plant at all growth stages, but infection during the booting stage causes the most drastic crop loss. It's not limited to a particular region or temperature, thus making it a ubiquitous threat to productions worldwide.",
            "spreading": "The disease spreads primarily through infected seeds, water splash, and to some extent by wind-blown rain. Once initiated, the disease can spread rapidly under suitable climatic conditions, potentially impacting large swathes of a field within 2-3 weeks. Optimum conditions for its spread include high temperature (26-30°C), humidity, prolonged dew period, and leaf wetness. On the field, water-soaked lesions on leaves and leaf sheaths are indicators of the disease's presence, therefore, standing water enhances the disease progression. Moreover, it has been observed that the presence of free water, brought about by frequent rainfall or irrigation, plays a significant role in the disease spread.",
            "treatment": {
              "prevention": [
                "Field sanitation: Clean and sanitize your field equipment regularly to prevent the spreading of the bacteria.",
                "Proper irrigation: Ensure right irrigation methods to prevent excess moisture, which encourages bacterial growth.",
                "Remove infected plants: Promptly remove and destroy any infected plants to prevent disease spread.",
                "Avoid overly dense planting: Give your plants enough space for air circulation to reduce disease transmission.",
                "Monitor fields: Regularly check your fields for symptoms so that suitable treatments can be applied as soon as possible."
              ],
              "chemical treatment": [
                "Copper-based sprays: Apply copper-based fungicides to control the spread of the bacteria.",
                "Antibiotics spray: Use tetracycline or streptomycin based sprays to inhibit bacterial growth.",
                "Zinc and manganese supplements: Apply these key nutrients can help strengthen plants and make them more resistant to disease.",
                "Dithiocarbamate sprays: Spray mancozeb or metiram fungicides to control bacterial blight.",
                "Bordeaux mixture application: Use a mixture of copper sulfate and slaked lime for preventing bacterial blight."
              ],
              "biological treatment": [
                "Use resistant varieties: Choose and plant rice varieties that are genetically resistant to Xanthomonas oryzae.",
                "Biocontrol agents usage: Employ potent biocontrol agents like Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis to inhibit bacterial growth.",
                "Phage therapy: Use bacteriophages, the viruses that infect bacteria, to control Xanthomonas oryzae.",
                "Enhance plant's natural defense: Apply biofertilizers that can strengthen the plant's natural immune system.",
                "Crop rotation: Regularly change your crops to prevent the build-up of harmful bacteria in your soil."
              ]
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